Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parents". Reproductive Medicine is a branch of science that deals with prevention, diagnosis and management of reproductive problems; goals include improving or maintaining reproductive health and allowing people to have children at a time of their choosing. It is founded on knowledge of reproductive anatomy, physiology, and endocrinology, and incorporates relevant aspects of molecular biology, biochemistry and pathology.

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Infectious diseases kill more people worldwide than any other single cause. Infectious diseases are caused by germs. Germs are tiny living things that are found everywhere - in air, soil and water. You can get infected by touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ. Germs can also spread through animal and insect bites, kissing and sexual contact. Vaccines, proper hand washing and medicines can help prevent infections.

Medical ethics is a special kind of ethics only as it relates to a particular realm of facts and concerns and not because it embodies or appeals to some special moral principles or methodology. With contributions not only from moral philosophers but also from physicians, nurses and other health professionals, social and natural scientists and lawyers, medical ethics has become a field of major concern.